Techniques for Providing Fresh Water to Arid Regions

Techniques for Providing Fresh pissing to dry RegionsStudent ID Number 36845IntroductionWater is vital as it does not redeem a substitute and is a finite resource (Kaplan, 2011). The demand for wet is ever increasing but the tack is decreasing or is constant. This demand is brought up by factors such as population increase, industrialization and agricultural needs. Some areas receive the right amount of whereas, others do not receive the right amount. These regions are known as arid regions where rainfall and piddle supply is less yearly causing droughts. The report go forth examine the feasibility of two techniques namely desalination and construction dams and reservoirs for supplying fresh water to arid regions considering factors such as cost, technology, location and water quality. soilKaplan (2011) points out that there is approximately 36 million cubic kilometres of fresh water available on the earth which equals to 3% and the rest 97% is coarseness water. 77% of the fr esh water available is locked up in the polar icecaps, glaciers and icebergs, less than 1% in fresh water lakes, springs and rivers. The rest is found in plants, atmosphere and human bodies. However, another argument put forward by Kaplan (2011) was that just over a half of the fresh water available on the earth is being used. This means that there is plenty of fresh water available but is inefficiently used, wasted in simpler terms and not evenly distributed across the world. Therefore, arid regions are formed as they do not receive the right amount of water demanded from their population in that area. UNEP (1992) reports about 47% of the surface of the earth being arid or semi-arid. This shows almost half of the world is without water whereas, rough places have plenty of fresh water available. another(prenominal) report of UNEP (1997) claims about 2 billion people live in arid regions and in many cases in very poor conditions. This shows the need and wideness of breeding of ide as and techniques to provide fresh water to these regions. reckon 1 Global dry land areas by continentContinentExtensionPercentageAridSemi-aridDry subhumidAridSemi-aridDry subhumid(million ha)Africa467.60611.35219.1616.2121.207.60Asia704.30727.97225.5125.4826.348.16Oceania459.50211.0238.2459.7227.424.97Europe0.3094.26123.470.011.742.27North/central America4.27130.71382.096.0917.824.27South America5.97122.43250.217.1114.545.97Total1 641.951 897.741 238.68Mha=106ha. Source FAO (2002)Figure 1 above shows the percentage and the distance in hectares (ha) of the surface of the earth that coffin nail be classified as an arid or a semi-arid region. From the knock back Africa and Asia have the largest extension of arid zones, they account for more than a half of worlds arid regions (FAO, 2002).Comparison of optionsDesalinationAccording to Kucera (2014), desalination is defined as the figure out of removing dissolved solids, such as salts and minerals, from water. Desalination was used pra ctically first in the sixteenth and the seventeenth centuries by sailors. Desalination is sometimes referred as distillment and sailors back in the sixteenth century used simple distillation technique to evaporate sea water and collecting the fresh water. The figure under from Kucera (2014) shows the total desalination capacity by different countries since 2003. The highest percentages of desalination capacity are led by the Middle East countries i.e. Saudi Arabia and UAE followed closely by Spain, ground forces, China, Algeria, Australia, Israel, and India, respectively.Figure 2Kucera (2014)Figure 2 above also shows that desalination is a routine that is mainly operated by the developing countries. Not a iodin Afri gage nation is seen in the figure means that the most arid region of the world is not using desalination process. Keyes , Conrad Fahy, Tansel, Berrin (2012) claim desalination have two major technological methods involved i.e. membrane and evaporative also known as thermal. Middle East use the evaporative technology while, the USA depend on the membrane process of desalination as it is more technologically advanced and has a cost advantage. Desalination water treatment plants must(prenominal) be managed in an environmentally compatible manner and requires significant environmental assessment efforts depending on the quality of the concentrate and geographical location of the facility (ibid, 2012). This shows the process of desalination for providing fresh water to arid region is quite costly and requires attention to the environment as only developing countries like the UAE and the USA can afford to use.Building dams reservoirsA dam is a structure built along rivers or streams that are used to control the water flow and insert the water in reservoirs during the rainy season and release as needed during the times of drought. Reservoirs are artificial lakes that store the water (UNEP, 2000). The stored water is used in several ways irrigation , domestic use, producing hydro-electricity and leisure activities. .Abu-zeid and.El-Shibini (2010) states the only main source for Egypts water is the River Nile. Therefore Egypt is also considered part of the arid regions of the world. The Aswan High decameter was built on the River Nile in Egypt to control floods, produce HEP- Hydro-electric power and irrigate their lands in 1971. The dam had positive impacts on rapid growing population of Aswan province. The touristry industry and the fishers noted a growth in their businesses. The majority of the Egyptian population also depends on the river for its water for domestic and industrial use. The figure down the stairs represents the area in hectares-ha of irrigation in countries of Africa in 1997.(University of Michigan, n.d.)The figure shows Egypt irrigated 3.3 million hectares in 1997, and that number will keep on increasing as population increases (University of Michigan, n.d).However, some negative impacts are noted by Abu-ze id and El-Shibini (2010) that during the construction of the dam several Egyptian residents and monuments had to immigrate to the cities of Lower Egypt. The dam being 111 metres high and 3830 metres long be the Egyptian government about 1 billion dollars (Encyclopaedia Britannica, 2014). This shows building dams and reservoirs can have some drawbacks in the short run like cost, re-settlement, natural disasters and water borne diseases but in the long run it also improves the economy of the country and it helps the population of the country in irrigation, power and leisure activities.Recommendation and ConclusionIt can be concluded that to provide water to arid regions of the world both the techniques are feasible. Desalination works when the region has a source of salt or seawater. Although, it is quite costly and not very friendly to the environment, it is now widely used in many countries which prove it to be efficient.On the other hand, building dams and reservoirs is very effic ient and advantageous to the economy of the country. It attracts tourists, irrigates land, provides hydro-electric power and stores water for domestic use by the population of the country. However, it is also very expensive to build a dam or a reservoir, during the construction people have to be moved, diseases are prone from the water and highly depends whether the region has a source of water like river flowing. Thus, looking at the differences in requirements desalination is better than dams and reservoirs to provide fresh water to arid regions.ReferencesEncyclopedia Britannica. (2014). Aswan High Dam. online. Accessed at 27/03/2015. visible(prenominal) at www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/40203/Aswan-High-DamFAO. (2002). Land degradation assessment in drylands LADA project. World soil resources report no.97. ROMEKaplan International Colleges. (2011). Skills for study 2 Water. podcastmp3. Nottingham, UK KICKeyes Jr., Conrad G. Fahy, Michael P. Tansel, Berrin (2012). Concentrate prudence in Desalination-case studies. American Society of Civil Engineering(ASCE). online. Accessed at 27/03/2015. Available at http//app.knovel.com/hotlink/toc/idkpCMDCS008/concentrate-management/concentrate-managementKucers, J. (2014). Desalination water from water. Canada. Serivener Publishing Llc.M.A.Abu-zeid and F.Z.El-Shibini (2010). International Journal of water resources development Egypts High Aswan Dam. 13(2). p.p 209-217.University of Michigan. (n.d). Human impacts on the Nile River. online. Accessed at 27/03/2015. Available at http//sitemaker.umich.edu/sec004_gp5/the_aswan_high_dam_benefitsUNEP. (1992). World atlas of desertification. second Edition. NairobiUNEP. (1997). World atlas of desertification. 2nd Edition. NairobiUNEP(2000). Lakes and Reservoirs Similarities, Differences and Importance. Osaka United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP IETC)

Major Challenges Facing Youth In Developing Economies Economics Essay

Major Challenges Facing Youth In Developing Economies Economics EssayABSTRACTThe challenge of keeping youngs sedulous meaningfully has been a study concern of brasss in the growing nations. This paper x-rays the major challenges facing offsprings apart from unemployment. These complicate but non limited to inequality, corruption, poverty, cultism, human trafficking, emigration, drug addiction and trafficking as well as (HIV/AIDS) endemic. The authors stressed the need to encour mature callownesss to engage in entrepreneurship to a lower place victoriouss and further highlighted the benefits of juvenility self reliant such as development of entrepreneurial and managerial clevernesss, evenly distribution of case wealth, exploitation of untapped industrial opportunities, moderation of rural-urban migration, high value added to the economy, promotion of indigenous technology, and breakment in pro dole out of trade. Hence, the authors recommended institutional support for juvenility self assurance inclusion of entrepreneurship studies in high train and undergraduate curricula tax incentives to young entrepreneurs and financing of sporting activities to backtrack social vices among young person.Key words Youth self-importance Reliance Programmes Unemployment Developing Economy1.0 Introduction gibe to the projection of the United Nations Population Division (UNDP, 1993), soon young the great unwashed amid ages 15-24 constitute 18 percent of publics creation at 1.1 billion and the world is very close to reach the peak of historically highest youth population (Lam, 2007). These young tribe, across the globe, especially in develop countries, where the population density and emersion is also highest, face unprecedented challenges in their energy to access public re point of references and family resources, stemmed from waves of cultural and scotch globalization. closely critical issues for youth development atomic number 18 poverty, healt h practices, gender biases, education, employment, social responsibilities and good citizenship, teen delinquency etc.(World Youth Report, 2003).Demand of skilled workers in the knowledge economy has created hindrance for a large portion of world youth, especially in developing countries, where higher education organisation has not been able to realize sufficient value addition in terms of enhancing the employability in the new age promote market. A staggering 400 million young people around the world be unable to find decent work. Worthy of note is that, todays youth find themselves in an era, where for the first time in the modern civilization, purely scotch value of higher education has reached an unprecedented low proportion. Shariff (1998) observed that adults engaged in self employment more(prenominal) than the youth, especially in developed countries. This is notable in countries whose economic growth rate is slow or stagnant. He observed further that self employment is much more appreciated among Sub-Sahara African than in other countries of the world.The youth are a major source of human capital and key agents for socio cultural, economic, and political development as well as technological innovation worldwide. Their imaginations, ideas, energies and visions are essential for the continuing development of societies. Their training, development, mental perspectives and robust abilities are key determinants of the progress and future of societies.To capture the significance of youth in the economic development process, Central Bank of Nigerias governor notes in 2011 that the veritable economic development efforts pass oning not amount to anything if the youth who are the real economic agent are not part of the economic transformation. He notes further that robust economic growth will only be achieved if the youth are adequately empowered, which is the only path to sustainable economic development.2.0 Conceptual clarification2.1 Youth. thith er is hardly any universally acceptable definition of youth. Youthfulness need not be exclusively determined by age. Other factors, like economic, cultural and environmental conditions may be equally important in defining youth. The continuing debate on who is a youth has not resolved the confusion surrounding the concept. In many African countries, laws define adulthood as commencing from age of 21, although recently, there have been attempts to lower the age to 18 historic period (Curtain, 2000). Sociologically, youth denotes an interface between childhood and adulthood. Youth, as a social group are defined in terms of age. Hence, the volume of youth has been variously defined as ranging from the ages of 10-11 long time to 35 years. The United Nations Organisation (UNO) has fill in up with a specification of age square bracket 15-24 years as youth, maculation the Commonwealth phthisiss the age category of 15-29 years. For the purpose of this paper, youth is defined as young women and men who fall within the age bracket of 15 35 years. Furthermore, any 1 who is acknowledged by deed as identifying with and committed to youth development may be recognised as youth.It has been recognised the world over that youth constitute the most(prenominal) important human resource potential that can contribute significantly to the overall development of a nation. The youth constitute the driving force of society, the spirit of today and the hope for the future. In addition, youth constitute the largest segment, they are also the most socially active and productive sector.The educational system has not adequately equipped young people with the relevant skills, knowledge and cultural values needed to face the challenges of after school life history. As a result, young people cannot find placement in the white-collar job market neither are they able to create economic opportunities for themselves in the informal sector. There is therefore the need to relate the educati onal system to the job market. United Nations Organisation (1995 11) therefore notes in thatYoung people in all countries are both a major human resource for development and key agents for social interchange, economic development and technological innovation. Their imaginations, ideas, commodious energies and visions are essential for the continuing development of the societies in which they live. The problems that young people face as well as their visions and aspirations are essential components of the challenges and prospects of todays societies and future generationsMobilizing the creativity and passion of young men and women, and recognizing the unique perspective of youth on their current and future necessarily are quickly becoming national and transnational priorities. Globally, youth are eager to contribute their quota through investment of their energies in the socio-economic development of the societies. In addition, they desire to be absorbed into socio-economic syst em in effectuate to change the old order.In terms of sheer numbers, youth represent a significant portion of the global community. Today, approximately 20 per cent of the worlds population is in the 15 to 24 age group, and in many developing countries this group will soon constitute 50 per cent of the population. In addition, 60 per cent of the worlds youth population, or over 600 million young people, reside in the Asia-Pacific region (Kenyon, 1998).Linked directly to these figures is the growing recognition of the importance of youth development at both the national, regional and international levels. Youth constitute a unique group within society. While they are often considered one of the most vulnerable groups within the social fabric, they are also regarded as the greatest source of hope for the nations future. Youth represent a significant portion of the worlds population it is estimated that the global youth population in 1995 was over 1 billion and comprised 18 per cent of the worlds population, of whom 84 per cent lived in developing countries. Those under the age of 30 could form as much as 55 per cent of the worlds population by the year 2005. In the least-developed countries of the world, the figure is closer to 70 per cent. (Kenyon, 1998)2.2 Self Reliance. The concept of self reliance is located centrally within the discourse of community development and is connected to tie in concepts like self-help, independence, mutual-help, indigenous meshing and rural development. It advocates the need for people to improve their condition using local anesthetic initiatives and resources in their own hands. The concept is fast being judge as a new formula for community development because of its widespread acceptance in the development planning of most African countries. The concept of self-reliance has the tendency to set apart greater stimulus and cohesiveness to community development in these countries (Anyanwu, 1992). fit Fonchingong Fonjong (2003 ), self-reliance is situated within the discourse of community development and is connected to related concepts like self-help, mutual help, indigenous participation and rural development. It champions the need for people to bettor their lots using local strategies and resources at their disposal. The definition assumes that youth use the resources at their disposal to proffer solutions to the challenges peculiar to their group and confronting them persistently. They also want to realize their dreams and be at the fore front of developing the communities.Anyanwu (1992) contends that in most African countries, community development has depended significantly on voluntary cooperative efforts. This follows a traditional trait that clearly underscores the virtue of self-reliance. This explains the emerging trend in community development, which sees it as an important point of take-off for better living. The emphasis is to involve groups of people in planned programmes from which they m ay gain skills that will enable them to cut more successfully with the problems of their everyday lives.Self-reliance is thus development on the basis of a countrys (regions) own resources, involving its populations based on the potentials of its cultural values and traditions (Galtung, 1980). Communities and man-to-man people define their own development according to their own needs, values and aspirations (Preiswerk, 1980).Local-level development provides a major force in activating the utilization of local resources (land, water, motor) and therefore constitutes one of the most effective methods of promoting peoples participation in determining their own development. The needs for local alternatives and self-reliance have been voiced in more explicit terms by other scholars. For example, Brett (1988) has called for cooperative and voluntary alternatives, while Sandbrook (1985) has emphasized the need for small-scale community solutions. In its fundamental sense, self-reliance is defined as a state of mind that regards ones own mental and material resources as the primary stock to draw on in the pursuit of ones objectives, and finds frantic fulfillment not only in achieving the objectives but of having achieved them primarily by using ones own resources.2.3 Unemployment. Unemployment is a social issue that every nation deals with regularly. notwithstanding the most advanced economies still battle with the issue of unemployment. In fact the classical economists averred that there can never be a role of fundamental employment in any economy. However, responsible governments must strive at all times to keep unemployment rate as low as possible. gibe to Fajana (2000), unemployment is a state of worklessness/idleness experienced by persons who as members of the labour force perceive themselves are perceived by others as capable of work. Unemployment is a situation where those who are willing and able to work cannot find full employment or even if it is pa rtial employment. The unemployment situation in Nigeria is unsettling. Statistic shows that almost 75% of those who are able and willing to work cannot find gainful employment, especially among young graduate/school leavers.Fajana (2000) categorizes unemployment into six namely structural, frictional, seasonal, cyclical, residual, and technological.Types of UnemploymentS/N come acrossCause1.StructuralThis occurs when there is a change in the structure of an industry or economic activities of the country. Change in taste, change in technology, change in take on are some of the types of changes that may occur. It is mostly found in Asia and Africa. In other words, it occurs due to mismatch between the demand for labour and the ability of the workers.2.FrictionalThe unemployed may remain so on account of shortage of raw materials, or mechanical defects in running(a) plants. Therefore, the better the economy is doing, the lower the chances of this type of unemployment occurring.3.Seas onalThis is due to seasonal variations in the activities of particular industries caused by climatic changes, changes in fashions or by the inherent record of such industries. In the tropical region, ice factories are less active in rainy season because of low demand for ice.4.CyclicalThis is otherwise cognise as Keynesian unemployment or demand deficient unemployment which is due to the operation of the business cycle. This arises at a time when the aggregate effective commodity demand falls below the full employment level of output.5.ResidualThis is caused by personal factors such as old age, physical or mental disability, scummy work attitudes and inadequate training.6.TechnologicalThis is caused by changes in techniques of production. initiation Fajana, S. (2000) Functioning of Nigerian Labour Market, Lagos Labofin and company3.0 Major Challenges facing Youth in developing economiesThe declining growth and economic restructuring has worsened the employment situation among the youth in most of the developing countries and most especially in Africa. Youth unemployment has increasingly come to be as one of the most serious socio-economic problems currently confronting many developing countries.It is difficult to provide accurate statistics of youth unemployment in developing countries in general and Africa in particular, as available estimates of world unemployment face the conceptual limitation. Nonetheless, existing estimates indicate that in Sub-Saharan Africa, urban unemployment affects between 15 to 20 percent of the workforce (ILO, 2005). According to this estimates, young people comprise 40 to 75 percent of the total number of unemployed.Source National Bureau of Statistics (2010)According to Awogbenle and Iwuamadi (2010), the statistics from the Manpower Board and the Federal Bureau of Statistics showed that Nigeria has a youth population of 80 million, representing 60% of the total population of the country. Also, 64 million of them are unemployed , while 1.6 million are under-employed. The 1990-2000 data on youth unemployment indicated that secondary school graduates constituted the largest group of the unemployed. There is also 40% of the unemployment rate is among urban youth aged 20 24 and 31% of the rate is among those aged 15-19. Furthermore, two-thirds of the urban unemployed are ranged from 15-24 years old. Curiously, the educated unemployed tended to be young males with fewer dependents. Awogbenle and Iwuandi also observed that that there is no consistent trend ofunemployment rates in Nigeria. An append in one or two years is sometimes followed by a decline in the subsequent years.Table 1 Nigeria Unemployment Rates by get on Group and SexS/NAge GroupUnemployment Rate1.15-2441.62.25-44173.45-4911.54.60-6416.7Gender Analysis1.Male172.Female23.3Source Ruhl, O. (2009) Nigerias Youth Turning Challenge into Opportunity. World Bank Statistics on Youth Unemployment, March, 2009.Table 2 Table Youth Unemployment Rate in Ni geria 2000-2011S/NYearRate1.200031.12.200113.63.200212.64.200314.85.200413.46.200511.97.200613.78.200714.69.200814.910.200919.711.201041.612.201123.9Source National Bureau of Statistics (2011)According to Abdullahi (2012), the Nigerian Minister of Sports, out of Nigerias 150 million population, 40 million are unemployed. As 45% of the population is between the ages of 15 to 40 years, this authority unemployment mainly affects the youth. He revealed that the alarming situation has socio-economic implications considering the fact that Nigeria has 45% of the jobless population are between the ages of 15-40 years and due to the extremely low life expectancy of 45 years, only 3% of Nigerians manage to reach the ages of 60 and above. Nigerian youth are therefore the hardest hit by the menace of unemployment. Hence, the increase rate of kidnapping, youth unrest and most significantly, an extremely unstable social economic structure that has hitherto been bedeviling Nigeria.The helping of unemployed labour force is disheartening not to mention rate of unemployment among youth. obscure from the figures released early this year by the National Bureau of Statistics, which puts unemployment rate in 2011 at 29.3 per cent, the situation has over the years grown from bad to worse. From 2000 until 2011, the unemployment rate averaged 18.82 per cent, reaching an all time high of 23.90 per cent in December of 2011 representing about 20.3 million Nigerian youth who are currently unemployed. The situation is compounded daily as institutions of higher learning churn out fresh graduates to add to the already saturated labour market. The percentage would have been higher save for the governments efforts to reduce the unemployment rate among graduates from the nations universities through various programmes such as National Directorate of Employment (NDE), National Poverty respite Programme (NAPEP), Youth Enterprise With New Innovation in Nigeria (YOUWIN) to mention but a few.So me identifiable factors causing youth unemployment in Nigeria these include but not limited toIneffective mechanisms for overcoming the challenges of cyclical and structural youth (18 to 24 years) unemployment in Nigeria and to alleviate poverty at all levels of governance.Going by the 2006 census in Nigeria, the nations population was put at140,431,790 and projections for the future indicate that the population could be over 180 million by the year 2020,given the annual growth rate of 3.2 percent (National Population Commission and ICF Macro, 20093). Rapid population growth is some other major factor causing youth unemployment.Dysfunctional educational system in curricula-structure does not promote youth entrepreneurship, innovative skills and virile apprenticeship schemes. Instead, most graduates of Nigerian education system lack basic skills with which to enter into labour market. Most graduates leave university with the thinking that they must seek employment in large organisa tions.Most functionaries in public and private sectors are largely bereft of ideas of shading education, training and learning for resolving youth unemployment menace. This is why most government programmes are yet to achieve the desired results of reducing youth unemployment.Corruption has been the threat of development in Nigeria and it has impacted negatively in the industrialisation process initiated by successive governments. It has attained an endemic level with public office holders compensable lip service to its eradication because they are part of the beneficiaries.Poverty of political commitment towards youth empowerment and innovative approaches at local, state and federal levels is another cause of youth unemployment. There are no verifiable statistics of actual labour shortages, employment, under-employment and vacancies analyses that can guide national planning.In addition, in Nigeria loanable silver that youth can draw from to invest are not accessible. Although, government, banks and other financial institutions would tell you that funds are available for entrepreneurship adventure. Accessing the funds has not been easy.Figure 2 Spiraling GeneralUnemploymentRate Growing at 16% per yearhttp//www.doreopartners.com/wp-content/uploads/2011/08/spiraling_general_unemployment_rate.gifSource National Bureau of Statistics (2010)Figure 3 Youth Unemployment 3X General Unemploymenthttp//www.doreopartners.com/wp-content/uploads/2011/08/youth_unemployment.gifSource National Bureau of Statistics (2010)Apart from the major challenges of unemployment, inequality, corruption, poverty, cultism, human trafficking and emigration are other challenges facing developing economies, Nigeria inclusive. Despite Nigerias decades of development efforts, both the gap between the poor and the rich countries and the inequalities within states and nations have widened. Poverty simply means inadequacy of income to meet such basic needs as food, shelter, clothing, education, healthcare etc. Poverty breaths to malnutrition, sickness, illiteracy, unemployment, low status of men and women, immorality, crime, and exposure to environmental risks, limited access to assets, social services, and political power.Unemployment and poverty lead to psychological disorders, depression, despondency, suicides and divorces. While recounting poverty causes envy, jealousy and self-depreciation, mass unemployment and persistent poverty which could lead to socio-political unrest and revolution. Thus, unemployment, inequality and poverty have economic, social and political implications.4.0 Significance of Youth Self RelianceThere is an increased concern, nationally and internationally, for youth issues, responsibilities and rights and also widespread consensus on the invaluable role of youth in the development process. Yet youth are invariably victims of exclusion from governance, decision- do and development process, which impact negatively on their desires for self reli ance and self realization. The Human Development Report (UNDP, 1993) echoes the need for people to participate in their own development, stressing that peoples participation is becoming the central issue in the face of current challenges facing the world for development.It is now widely accepted that there are many good reasons to promote self reliance among young people. Entrepreneurship undertakings are probably one the most effective means of making youth self reliant. While caution should be exercised so that entrepreneurship is not seen as a panacea for curing all societys social ills, many experts such as Curtain (2000) warn, it has a number of potential benefits. An obvious, and perhaps the most significant one, is that it creates employment for the young person who owns the business.Figure 4 Young working poor in selected countries(Estimates for youth and adult cohorts), in percentageSource ILO, Global Employment Trends for Youth. Geneva, August, 2010.In addition to the abov e, youth self reliance (YSR) will achieve the under listed among developing economies.The indigenous entrepreneur and managerial skills needed to transform the economy are developed.Labour intensive industry is boosted by YSR, which helps government to achieve the employment and income distribution objective.Encouragement of youth to be self reliant enhances the exploitation of untapped industrial opportunities.The evenly distribution of wealth and regional economic balance objective of government is enhanced as the menace of rural/urban migration, which exacerbates urban congestion is checked.There is higher value added to the interior(prenominal) economies thereby checking the dumping of products from developed in developing economies.Indigenous technology is promoted through youth self reliant programmes.The above will definitely improve the balance of trade and payment of the developing economies as well as strengthening the local currency coupled with the benefit of promoting exportation and preventing over reliance on a single commodity to earn foreign exchange. Over dependency on oil revenue has been the bane of industrialization in Nigeria.5.0 Recommendations purposeIn line with the above observations, it is recommended that youth entrepreneurship programmes should be make compulsory right from the secondary school. More so, curricula in the higher institutions should be redesigned to capture the current reality of producing job creators and not job seekers. There should also be institutional support for youth entrepreneurship programmes at all tiers of government local, state, and federal. Cheap funds made available and accessible to interested young entrepreneurs is a necessity for the development of self reliant programmes among youth.Data on youth unemployment are not accessible, if they are available. Many of the policy makers are not equipped with facts and figures. Many a times, they rely on sources that are not reliable in formulating polici es and taking decisions relating to youth empowerment. Government institutions should equip to collate data frequently and make them accessible at any point in time. If there are veritable(a) data, planning and paying social security of not less than fifty thousand naira ((50) should not be difficult considering the amount of financial resources being drawn public office holders.The prevailing harsh economic environment in Nigeria is a disincentive to any interested young entrepreneurs and so should be made conducive as much as possible. For example multiple taxation should be eliminated through the harmonization of tax system in the country. Infrastructure facilities are abysmal failure, especially the electricity around which modern industrialization and developmental strategy revolve. More than enough megawatts of electricity should be generated in the country. The appalling situation of electricity generation has turned many youth to criminals in Nigeria.Motivating youth to a rrogate technical skills should top the priority of any government, Nigeria not exempted. Apart from free tuition, graduates of technical colleges should be absolved into the government service and or private organisations. Able and willing youth should be encouraged to contribute their quota to national economic development efforts. Security of lives and properties must be guaranteed in Nigeria. Governments efforts to woo foreign investors that will help to ignite the fire of economic revival will not yield any fruits if the issue of security is not addressed.There should be an increased youth and orphans self-reliance, self-discipline, social responsibility and spirit of adventure. Youth should be helped start income generating activities for their livelihoods to reduce dependency syndrome. Involvement of religious organisations in youth self reliance programmes should be encouraged. This is imperative in view of the fact that many of them have excess funds they can use since they do not pay tax. This will be counted as part of their social responsibility efforts to the society.Opportunities to acquire overseas training in form of exchange programmes among regional governments e.g. Economic Commission for West African States (ECOWAS) should be provided for youth after completing skill acquisition course. Suffice it to note that regional integration will be a great impetus for youth in countries which fall the same region.There is no doubt that Nigeria is blessed with abundant human and natural resources. The challenges facing the youth and related issues are very critical because of the emerging trend of youth unemployment, political and religious unrest. Hence, youth self reliant programmes should occupy the front burner of the federal, state, and local governments. Nigeria, arguably the most populous black nation in the world, needs sincere analysis of the current unemployment situation in the country as well as other challenges confronting the youth. The scientific analysis of this menace will lead to honest policy formulation, implementation, and monitoring of youth self reliant programmes which will eventually stem the tide of youth crimes and guarantee the future of the country.